Notes of Chap 3
Metals and Non-Metals
Covered Topics
- Introduction
- Physical properties of Metals
- Physical properties of Non-Metals
- Chemical properties of Metals
- Metals reaction with Air
- Metals reaction with Water
- Metals reaction with Acids
- Metals reaction with Solution of other metal salts
- The Reactivity Series
- The reaction of Metals and Non-Metals
- Properties of Ionic Compounds
- Occurrence of Metals
- Extraction of Metals
- Enrichment of Ores
- Extracting Metals low in the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals in the middle of the Activity Series
- Extracting Metals towards the Top of the Activity Series
- Refining of Metals
- Corrosion
- Prevention of corrosion
- Element: The pure substance/matter which can not be broken down by chemical reaction into its simpler substances is called an element. It is made up of the same types of atoms. Elements are classified into two groups: (i) Metal (ii) Non-metal
- Metal: The element which has lustrous, Sonorous, Hardness, Ductility, Malleability, and conductivity properties are called metal.
- Examples: Aluminium, Copper, Silver, Gold, etc.
- Non-metal: The element which doesn't have lustrous, Sonorous, Hardness, Ductility, Malleability, and conductivity properties is called non-metal.
- Examples: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Chlorine, etc.
- (i) State: All metals are existing in the solid-state at room temperature except Mercury and Gallium.
- (ii) Hardness: All metals have hardness except Sodium, Potassium, and Lithium. It can be cut with a knife.
- (iii) Lustrous: All metals have a shining surface.
- (iv) Sonorous: All metals produce a ringing sound on beating them.
- (v) Ductility: All metals are ductile in nature it can be drawn into thin wire.
- (vi) Malleability: All metals are malleable by this property we can get a thin sheet by beating them. Where gold is the most malleable metal.
- (vii) Transparency: All metals are opaque in nature, Light can not be pass through them.
- (viii) Conductivity: All metals are the good conductor of electricity and heat, the best conductor of heat is Aluminium, the best conductor of electricity is silver.
- (ix) Oxides Nature: All metals oxides exist basic in nature.
- (x) Density: All metals have a high density as compared to the non-metals that's why the melting point is also high.
- (i) State: All non-metals are existing in the solid and gaseous state except Bromine.
- (ii) Hardness: All non-metals have softness except Carbon.
- (iii) Lustrous: Non-metals have a dull surface. It doesn't have a shining surface except for Iodine.
- (iv) Sonorous: Non-metals doesn't produce a ringing sound on beating them.
- (v) Ductility: Non-metals are not ductile in nature. So, It can not be drawn into thin wire.
- (vi) Malleability: Non-metals are not malleable. So, We can't get a thin sheet by beating them.
- (vii) Transparency: All gaseous non-metals are transparent in nature, Light can be passed through them.
- (viii) Conductivity: All non-metals are the poor conductor of electricity and heat except carbon.
- (ix) Oxides Nature: All non-metals oxides exist acidic in nature.
- (x) Density: All non-metals have a low density as compared to the metals. That's why the melting point is also low except carbon.
- What happens when metals react with air: When metals react with air then they react with oxygen present in the air and form their respective metallic oxides.
- Examples: Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
- 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
- 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
- 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
- 2Ca + O2 → 2CaO
- Note: All metals do not react with oxygen at the same rate. Gold and Silver do not react with oxygen. Potassium and Sodium react vigorously with oxygen so it easily catches fire when placed it in the presence of oxygen. So it is kept immersed in kerosene oil.
- Amphoteric Oxide: Metallic oxides are usually shown basic nature. But some metallic oxides show both acidic and basic nature like aluminium oxide and zinc oxide, such metallic oxides react with acids as well as a base to form salt and water, is known as amphoteric oxide.
- Examples:
- Al2O3 + 6HCl(acid) → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
- Al2O3 + 2NaOH(base) → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Refining of Metals:
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